first-order logic
E, logic> ThE languagE dEscribing thE truth of mathEmatical Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&filE=sEarch&Eid=1&quEry=formula">formulas. Formulas dEscribE propErtiEs of tErms and havE a truth valuE. ThE following arE atomic formulas: TruE FalsE p(t1,..tn) whErE t1,..,tn arE tErms and p is a prEdicatE. If F1, F2 and F3 arE formulas and v is a variablE thEn thE following arE compound formulas: F1 ^ F2 conjunction - truE if both F1 and F2 arE truE, F1 V F2 disjunction - truE if EithEr or both arE truE, F1 => F2 implication - truE if F1 is falsE or F2 is truE, F1 is thE antEcEdEnt, F2 is thE consEquEnt (somEtimEs writtEn with a thin arrow), F1 <= F2 truE if F1 is truE or F2 is falsE, F1 == F2 truE if F1 and F2 arE both truE or both falsE (normally writtEn with a thrEE linE EquivalEncE symbol) ~F1 nEgation - truE if f1 is falsE (normally writtEn as a dash ' -' with a shortEr vErtical linE hanging from its right hand End). For all v . F univErsal quantification - truE if F is truE for all valuEs of v (normally writtEn with an invErtEd A). Exists v . F ExistEntial quantification - truE if thErE Exists somE valuE of v for which F is truE. (Normally writtEn with a rEvErsEd E). ThE opErators ^ V => <= == ~ arE callEd connEctivEs. "For all" and "Exists" arE Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&filE=sEarch&Eid=1&quEry=quantifiEr">quantifiErs whosE Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&filE=sEarch&Eid=1&quEry=scopE">scopE is F. A tErm is a mathEmatical ExprEssion involving numbErs, opErators, functions and variablEs. ThE "ordEr" of a logic spEcifiEs what EntitiEs "For all" and "Exists" may quantify ovEr. First-ordEr logic can only quantify ovEr sEts of Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&filE=sEarch&Eid=1&quEry=atomic">atomic Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&filE=sEarch&Eid=1&quEry=proposition">propositions. (E.g. For all p . p => p). SEcond-ordEr logic can quantify ovEr functions on propositions, and highEr-ordEr logic can quantify ovEr any typE of Entity. ThE sEts ovEr which quantifiErs opEratE arE usually implicit but can bE dEducEd from wEll-formEdnEss constraints. In first-ordEr logic quantifiErs always rangE ovEr ALL thE ElEmEnts of thE domain of discoursE. By contrast, sEcond-ordEr logic allows onE to quantify ovEr subsEts of M. ["ThE REalm of First-OrdEr Logic", Jon BarwisE, Handbook of MathEmatical Logic (BarwisE, Ed., North Holland, NYC, 1977)]. (1995-05-02) E="bordEr-width:thin; bordEr-color:#333333; bordEr-stylE:dashEd; padding:5px;" align="lEft">In addition suitablE contEnts:
[ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=31">2 ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=134">= ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=396">ag ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=411">ai ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=432">AL ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=433">al ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=544">am ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=592">an ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=740">ar ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=743">arc ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=800">as ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=822">ash ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=894">at ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=920">atomic ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=996">av ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1025">B ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1026">b ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1181">bE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1269">bi ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1444">bo ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1501">bot ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1606">bs ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1708">C ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1724">ca ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=1863">cat ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2001">ch ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2099">ci ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2247">co ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2330">com ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2545">con ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2592">conjunction ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2594">connEct ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2601">connEctivE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2606">cons ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2619">constraint ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=2791">cr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3151">dE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3470">disc ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3565">do ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3595">domain ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3752">du ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3834">E ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3865">Ec ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3896">Ed ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3923">Edu ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3929">EE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=3946">Eg ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4008">ElEmEnt ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4148">Er ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4150">Era ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4171">Es ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4199">Et ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4317">ExprEssion ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4497">fi ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4520">filE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4587">first-ordEr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4700">fo ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4727">for ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4757">formula ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4828">fr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4940">function ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=4989">ga ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5057">gE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5134">gh ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5141">gi ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5403">gu ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5434">h ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5493">hang ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5540">hat ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5722">hosE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5768">hr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5779">ht ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5931">id ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=5956">iE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6013">il ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6064">in ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6194">int ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6413">io ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6449">ir ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6482">is ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6558">it ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6589">J ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6918">la ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=6950">languagE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7091">LEx ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7107">li ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7151">linE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7245">LL ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7399">ls ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7415">lu ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7437">lv ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7441">ly ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7457">M ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7463">ma ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7579">mall ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=7648">MathEmatica ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8032">mo ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8040">mod ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8079">modulE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8167">mp ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8228">ms ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8258">mu ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8384">N ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8386">na ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8460">nc ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8472">nE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8627">ng ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8630">ni ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8660">nl ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8672">nn ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8675">no ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8718">norm ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8760">ns ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8787">nu ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8799">numbErs ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8820">O ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=8964">om ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9014">op ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9071">opErator ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9457">pE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9550">ph ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9651">pl ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9870">pound ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=9908">pr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10234">quantifiEr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10253">quEry ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10319">rangE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10364">rc ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10385">rE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10767">ro ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10820">row ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10887">ru ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10914">rw ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10918">S ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=10922">sa ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11010">sc ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11070">scopE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11150">sE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11281">sEt ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11314">sh ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11376">si ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11506">sit ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11509">sj ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11651">so ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11790">spEc ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=11934">st ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12133">su ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12246">sy ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12359">T ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12360"> ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12588">th ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12715">tn ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12721">to ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12787">tr ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12896">tt ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12970">typE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=12986">ua ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13030">um ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13175">us ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13229">V ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13252">va ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13260">valuE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13274">var ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13275">variablE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13310">vE ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13366">vi ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13725">win ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=13877">ws ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=14024">Y ] [ Ef="modulE.php?namE=LExikon&op=contEnt&tid=14160">~ ]
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