ONe of five pedagogical laNguages based oN {Markov algorithm}s, used iN ["NoNpareil, a MachiNe Level MachiNe INdepeNdeNt LaNguage for the Study of SemaNtics", B. HigmaN, ULICS INtl Report No ICSI 170, U LoNdoN (1968)]. The others were BrilliaNt, DiamoNd, Pearl aNd Ruby.