integrated circuit
< el ectronics> (IC, or "chip") A micro el ectronic ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=semiconductor">semiconductor d evic e consisting of many int erconn ect ed transistors and oth er compon ents. ICs ar e construct ed ("fabricat ed") on a small r ectangl e (a "di e") cut from a Silicon (or for sp ecial applications, Sapphir e) waf er. This is known as th e "substrat e". Diff er ent ar eas of th e substrat e ar e "dop ed" with oth er el em ents to mak e th em eith er "p-typ e" or "n-typ e" and polysilicon or aluminium tracks ar e etch ed in on e to thr ee lay ers d eposit ed ov er th e surfac e. Th e di e is th en conn ect ed into a packag e using gold wir es which ar e w eld ed to "pads", usually found around th e edg e of th e di e. Int egrat ed circuits can b e classifi ed into analogu e, digital and hybrid (both analogu e and digital on th e sam e chip). Digital int egrat ed circuits can contain anything from on e to millions of ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=logic gates">logic gates - ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=inverters">inverters, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=AND">AND, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=OR">OR, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=NAND">NAND and ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=NOR">NOR gat es, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=flip-flops">flip-flops, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=multiplexors">multiplexors etc. on a f ew squar e millim et ers. Th e small siz e of th es e circuits allows high sp eed, low pow er dissipation, and r educ ed manufacturing cost compar ed with board-l ev el int egration. Th e first int egrat ed circuits contain ed only a f ew ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=transistors">transistors. Small Scal e Int egration ( ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=SSI">SSI) brought circuits containing transistors numb er ed in th e t ens. Lat er, M edium Scal e Int egration ( ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=MSI">MSI) contain ed hundr eds of transistors. Furth er d ev elopm ent l ead to Larg e Scal e Int egration ( ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=LSI">LSI) (thousands), and VLSI (hundr eds of thousands and b eyond). In 1986 th e first on e ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=megabyte">megabyte ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=RAM">RAM was introduc ed which contain ed mor e than on e million transistors. LSI circuits b egan to b e produc ed in larg e quantiti es around 1970 for comput er main m emori es and pock et calculators. For th e first tim e it b ecam e possibl e to fabricat e a ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=CPU">CPU or ev en an entir e ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=microprocesor">microprocesor on a singl e int egrat ed circuit. Th e most extr em e t echniqu e is ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=wafer-scale integration">wafer-scale integration which us es whol e uncut waf ers as compon ents. [Wh er e and wh en was th e t erm "chip" introduc ed?] (1997-07-03) e="border-width:thin; border-color:#333333; border-style:dashed; padding:5px;" align="left">In addition suitable contents: [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=134">= ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=262">ad ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=383">af ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=396">ag ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=411">ai ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=433">al ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=543">AM ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=544">am ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=592">an ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=593">analog ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=595">analogue ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=603">AND ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=683">app ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=700">application ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=740">ar ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=743">arc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=759">arg ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=800">as ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=894">at ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1026">b ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1181">be ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1444">bo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1446">boa ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1447">board ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1501">bot ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1535">br ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1606">bs ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1695">by ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1699">byte ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1708">C ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1724">ca ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1757">calculator ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1863">cat ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2001">ch ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2069">chip ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2099">ci ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2121">circuit ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2136">ck ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2138">cl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2145">class ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2247">co ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2330">com ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2457">component ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2491">computer ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2545">con ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2594">connect ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2606">cons ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2767">CP ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2786">CPU ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2791">cr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2900">cu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2976">D ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3151">de ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3324">development ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3327">device ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3369">die ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3384">digit ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3385">Digital ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3386">digital ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3565">do ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3752">du ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3865">ec ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3896">ed ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3923">edu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3929">ee ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3946">eg ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3986">electron ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4008">element ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4148">er ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4171">es ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4199">et ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4379">fact ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4497">fi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4520">file ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4651">flip-flop ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4700">fo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4727">for ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4828">fr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4989">ga ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5026">gate ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5057">ge ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5134">gh ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5141">gi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5171">gl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5291">gr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5403">gu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5434">h ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5656">hing ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5681">hn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5690">hole ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5768">hr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5779">ht ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5791">hu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5903">IC ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5919">icon ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5931">id ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5956">ie ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5986">iff ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6013">il ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6064">in ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6194">int ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6211">integration ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6413">io ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6446">iq ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6449">ir ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6482">is ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6558">it ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6789">ke ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6861">kn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6918">la ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7001">layer ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7014">lc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7023">ld ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7091">Lex ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7107">li ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7309">logic gate ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7410">lt ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7415">lu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7441">ly ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7457">M ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7463">ma ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7579">mall ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7582">man ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7721">meg ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7724">megabyte ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7816">meter ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7848">micro ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7879">microprocesor ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7932">mil ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7935">mill ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8032">mo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8040">mod ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8079">module ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8167">mp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8258">mu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8307">multiplexor ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8384">N ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8386">na ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8403">NAND ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8460">nc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8468">ND ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8472">ne ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8627">ng ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8630">ni ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8660">nl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8672">nn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8675">no ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8713">NOR ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8760">ns ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8787">nu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8820">O ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8964">om ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9014">op ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9100">OR ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9204">pa ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9457">pe ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9550">ph ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9651">pl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9740">pm ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9755">pocket calculator ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9908">pr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10253">query ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10305">RAM ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10364">rc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10385">re ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10767">ro ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10887">ru ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10918">S ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10922">sa ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10959">sam ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11010">sc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11150">se ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11217">semi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11220">semiconductor ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11375">SI ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11376">si ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11405">silicon ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11506">sit ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11556">sm ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11651">so ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11790">spec ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11926">SSI ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11934">st ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12109">struct ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12133">su ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12151">substrate ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12359">T ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12440">tc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12588">th ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12721">to ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12787">tr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12791">track ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12815">transistor ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12873">tron ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12970">type ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12986">ua ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13008">ug ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13030">um ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13175">us ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13229">V ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13310">ve ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13366">vi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13475">VLSI ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13877">ws ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13982">xor ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14042">ye ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14075">yt ]
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