Lisp
e> LISt Processing language. (Or mythically "Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses"). ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence' s mother tongue, a symbolic, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=functional">functional, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=recursive">recursive language based on the ideas of ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=lambda-calculus">lambda-calculus, variable-length lists and trees as fundamental data types and the interpretation of code as data and vice-versa. Data objects in Lisp are lists and ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=atom">atoms. Lists may contain lists and atoms. Atoms are either numbers or symbols. Programs in Lisp are themselves lists of symbols which can be treated as data. Most implementations of Lisp allow functions with ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=side-effect">side-effects but there is a core of Lisp which is ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=purely functional">purely functional. All Lisp functions and programs are expressions that return values this, together with the high memory use of Lisp, gave rise to ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis' s famous quip (itself a take on an Oscar Wilde quote) that "Lisp programmers know the value of everything and the cost of nothing". The original version was ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=LISP 1">LISP 1, invented by ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=John McCarthy">John McCarthy edu> at ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=MIT">MIT in the late 1950s. Lisp is actually older than any other ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=high level language">high level language still in use except ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Fortran">Fortran. Accordingly, it has undergone considerable change over the years. Modern variants are quite different in detail. The dominant ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=HLL">HLL among hackers until the early 1980s, Lisp now shares the throne with ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=C">C. See ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=languages of choice">languages of choice. One significant application for Lisp has been as a proof by example that most newer languages, such as ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=COBOL">COBOL and ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Ada">Ada, are full of unnecessary ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=crock">crocks. When the ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Right Thing">Right Thing has already been done once, there is no justification for ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=bogosity">bogosity in newer languages. See also ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Association of Lisp Users">Association of Lisp Users, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Common Lisp">Common Lisp, {Franz Lisp}, {MacLisp}, {Portable Standard Lisp}, {Interlisp}, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Scheme">Scheme, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=eLisp">eLisp, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Kamin' s interpreters">Kamin' s interpreters. [ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Jargon File">Jargon File] (1995-04-16) e="border-width:thin; border-color:#333333; border-style:dashed; padding:5px;" align="left">In addition suitable contents:
[ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=134">= ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=135">@ ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=262">ad ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=396">ag ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=411">ai ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=433">al ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=544">am ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=592">an ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=683">app ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=700">application ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=740">ar ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=743">arc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=759">arg ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=800">as ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=872">Association of Lisp Users ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=894">at ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=996">av ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1025">B ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1026">b ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1034">ba ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1120">base ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1177">bd ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1181">be ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1368">bj ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1444">bo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1461">bogosity ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1695">by ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1708">C ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1724">ca ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1863">cat ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1896">cc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2001">ch ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2099">ci ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2136">ck ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2247">co ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2257">COBOL ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2273">code ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2387">Common Lisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2545">con ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2606">cons ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2725">core ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2791">cr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2826">crock ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2900">cu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2976">D ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3006">data ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3091">data type ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3151">de ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3371">diff ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3436">ding ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3565">do ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3752">du ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3834">e ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3865">ec ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3896">ed ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3923">edu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3929">ee ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4148">er ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4150">era ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4171">es ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4199">et ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4317">expression ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4497">fi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4520">file ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4700">fo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4727">for ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4764">Fortran ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4853">Franz Lisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4940">function ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4941">functional ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4989">ga ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5057">ge ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5070">gen ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5134">gh ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5141">gi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5171">gl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5205">gn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5291">gr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5398">gt ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5403">gu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5434">h ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5438">hack ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5443">hacker ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5493">hang ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5540">hat ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5656">hing ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5672">HLL ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5681">hn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5768">hr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5779">ht ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5931">id ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5986">iff ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6013">il ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6064">in ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6194">int ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6289">Interlisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6382">interpreter ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6413">io ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6481">IS ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6482">is ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6547">ISP ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6557">IT ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6558">it ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6589">J ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6620">Jargon File ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6677">jm ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6693">John McCarthy ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6760">K ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6771">Kamin' s interpreters ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6789">ke ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6861">kn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6918">la ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6939">lambda-calculus ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6950">language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6959">languages of choice ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7014">lc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7023">ld ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7091">Lex ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7107">li ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7200">LIS ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7205">LISP 1 ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7220">list ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7225">lists ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7245">LL ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7395">lr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7399">ls ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7415">lu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7437">lv ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7441">ly ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7457">M ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7463">ma ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7465">Mac ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7498">MacLisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7678">mc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7749">memory ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7992">MIT ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8019">mm ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8032">mo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8040">mod ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8045">Mode ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8079">module ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8124">mother ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8167">mp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8228">ms ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8378">my ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8386">na ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8460">nc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8472">ne ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8622">nf ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8627">ng ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8630">ni ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8672">nn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8675">no ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8760">ns ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8787">nu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8799">numbers ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8819">nz ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8820">O ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8838">object ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8964">om ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9457">pe ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9494">perf ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9550">ph ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9651">pl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9836">Portable Standard Lisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9908">pr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10023">program ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10036">programmer ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10079">proof ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10144">pt ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10253">query ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10364">rc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10385">re ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10433">recursive ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10589">rete ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10735">Right Thing ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10754">rl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10767">ro ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10918">S ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10922">sa ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11010">sc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11047">Scheme ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11150">se ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11314">sh ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11324">shar ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11376">si ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11382">side-effect ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11389">sig ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11506">sit ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11651">so ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11754">SP ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11934">st ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11968">Standard Lisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12133">su ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12246">sy ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12359">T ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12369">table ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12588">th ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12721">to ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12787">tr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12844">tree ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12970">type ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12986">ua ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13030">um ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13146">up ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13175">us ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13252">va ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13260">value ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13274">var ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13275">variable ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13310">ve ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13335">version ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13366">vi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14042">ye ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14075">yt ]
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