Ousterhout' s dichotomy
e> ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=John Ousterhout">John Ousterhout' s division of {high-level languages} into "system programming languages" and "scripting languages". This distinction underlies the design of his language ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Tcl">Tcl. System programming languages (or "applications languages") are ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=strongly typed">strongly typed, allow arbitrarily complex ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=data structures">data structures, and programs in them are ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=compiled">compiled, and are meant to operate largely independently of other programs. Prototypical system programming languages are ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=C">C and ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Modula-2">Modula-2. By contrast, scripting languages (or "glue languages") are weakly typed or untyped, have little or no provision for complex data structures, and programs in them ("ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=scripts">scripts") are ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=interpreted">interpreted. Scripts need to interact either with other programs (often as ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=glue">glue) or with a set of functions provided by the interpreter, as with the ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=file system">file system functions provided in a ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=UNIX shell">UNIX shell and with ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Tcl">Tcl' s ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=GUI">GUI functions. Prototypical scripting languages are ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=AppleScript">AppleScript, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=C Shell">C Shell, MSDOS ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=batch files">batch files, and ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Tcl">Tcl. Many believe that this is a highly arbitrary dichotomy, and refer to it as "Ousterhout' s fallacy" or "Ousterhout' s false dichotomy". While strong-versus-weak typing, data structure complexity, and independent versus stand-alone might be said to be unrelated features, the usual critique of Ousterhout' s dichotomy is of its distinction of compilation versus interpretation, since neither ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=semantics">semantics nor ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=syntax">syntax depend significantly on whether code is compiled into ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=machine-language">machine-language, interpreted, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=tokenized">tokenized, or ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=byte-compiled">byte-compiled at the start of each run, or any mixture of these. Many languages fall between being interpreted or compiled (e.g. ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Lisp">Lisp, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Forth">Forth, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal, ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Perl">Perl, and ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Java">Java). This makes compilation versus interpretation a dubious parameter in a taxonomy of programming languages. (2002-05-28) e="border-width:thin; border-color:#333333; border-style:dashed; padding:5px;" align="left">In addition suitable contents:
[ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=31">2 ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=134">= ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=396">ag ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=411">ai ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=433">al ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=544">am ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=592">an ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=683">app ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=693">AppleScript ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=700">application ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=719">applications language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=740">ar ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=743">arc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=759">arg ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=800">as ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=894">at ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=996">av ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1025">B ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1026">b ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1034">ba ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1147">batch file ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1181">be ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1269">bi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1334">bit ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1695">by ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1699">byte ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1708">C ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1724">ca ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1863">cat ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2001">ch ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2138">cl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2247">co ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2273">code ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2330">com ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2451">complexity ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2545">con ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2791">cr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2941">cy ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2976">D ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3006">data ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3084">data structure ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3151">de ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3304">design ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3623">DOS ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3752">du ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3896">ed ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3929">ee ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4148">er ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4150">era ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4171">es ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4199">et ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4452">feature ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4497">fi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4520">file ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4538">file system ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4700">fo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4727">for ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4940">function ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4983">G ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5057">ge ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5134">gh ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5171">gl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5196">glue ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5197">glue language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5205">gn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5291">gr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5403">gu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5408">GUI ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5434">h ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5540">hat ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5638">high-level language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5681">hn ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5768">hr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5779">ht ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5931">id ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5956">ie ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6013">il ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6064">in ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6068">inc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6194">int ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6381">interpreted ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6382">interpreter ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6413">io ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6446">iq ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6482">is ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6558">it ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6589">J ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6696">John Ousterhout ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6789">ke ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6792">ken ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6918">la ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6950">language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7091">Lex ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7107">li ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7203">Lisp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7399">ls ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7415">lu ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7441">ly ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7457">M ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7463">ma ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7479">machine ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7582">man ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7816">meter ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8019">mm ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8032">mo ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8040">mod ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8064">Modula ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8065">Modula-2 ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8079">module ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8167">mp ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8228">ms ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8378">my ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8384">N ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8386">na ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8460">nc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8472">ne ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8627">ng ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8630">ni ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8675">no ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8755">nr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8760">ns ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8820">O ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8964">om ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9014">op ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9132">OS ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9171">Ousterhout' s fallacy ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9172">Ousterhout' s false dichotomy ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9204">pa ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9296">param ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9297">parameter ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9457">pe ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9550">ph ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9616">ping ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9651">pl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9908">pr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10023">program ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10042">programming ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10044">programming language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10144">pt ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10253">query ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10364">rc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10385">re ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10589">rete ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10754">rl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10767">ro ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10887">ru ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10892">run ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10918">S ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10922">sa ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11010">sc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11102">script ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11104">scripting language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11127">SD ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11150">se ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11215">semantics ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11281">set ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11314">sh ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11339">shell ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11376">si ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11389">sig ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11934">st ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11955">stand-alone ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12106">strongly typed ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12109">struct ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12133">su ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12246">sy ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12295">syntax ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12312">system ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12337">system programming language ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12359">T ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12416">tar ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12440">tc ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12445">Tcl ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12588">th ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12721">to ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12730">token ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12787">tr ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12873">tron ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12896">tt ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12939">tw ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12970">type ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12986">ua ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12997">UCS ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12998">UCSD Pascal ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13011">UI ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13053">UNI ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13141">untyped ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13175">us ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13252">va ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13310">ve ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13366">vi ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13628">weakly typed ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13629">weak typing ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13891">X ] [ ef="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14075">yt ]
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