(CISC) A processor where each instruction can perform several low-level operations such as memory access, arithmetic operations or address calculations. The term was coined in contrast to ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Reduced Instruction Set Computer">Reduced Instruction Set Computer. Before the first RISC processors were designed, many computer architects were trying to bridge the "ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=semantic gap">semantic gap" - to design ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=instruction set">instruction sets to support ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=high-level language">high-level languages by providing "high-level" instructions such as procedure call and return, loop instructions such as "decrement and branch if non-zero" and complex ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=addressing mode">addressing modes to allow data structure and ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=array">array accesses to be compiled into single instructions. While these architectures achieved their aim of allowing high-level language constructs to be expressed in fewer instructions, it was observed that they did not always result in improved performance. For example, on one processor it was discovered that it was possible to improve the performance by NOT using the procedure call instruction but using a sequence of simpler instructions instead. Furthermore, the more complex the instruction set, the greater the overhead of decoding an instruction, both in execution time and silicon area. This is particularly true for processors which used ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=microcode">microcode to decode the (macro) instruction. It is easier to debug a complex instruction set implemented in microcode than one whose decoding is "ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=hard-wired">hard-wired" in silicon. Examples of CISC processors are the ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Motorola">Motorola ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=680x0">680x0 family and the ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Intel 80186">Intel 80186 through ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Intel 486">Intel 486 and ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Pentium">Pentium. (1994-10-10)

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[ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=60">486 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=88">680x0 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=94">80186 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=134">= ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=262">ad ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=303">address ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=307">addressing mode ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=396">ag ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=411">ai ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=433">al ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=544">am ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=592">an ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=740">ar ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=743">arc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=748">architecture ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=784">array ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=800">as ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=894">at ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1025">B ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1026">b ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1181">be ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1444">bo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1501">bot ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1535">br ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1550">branch ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1572">bridge ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1606">bs ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1695">by ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1708">C ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1724">ca ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1896">cc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2001">ch ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2127">CIS ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2128">CISC ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2247">co ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2273">code ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2330">com ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2490">Computer ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2491">computer ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2545">con ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2606">cons ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2791">cr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2900">cu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3006">data ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3084">data structure ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3136">dd ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3151">de ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3165">deb ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3177">dec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3196">decode ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3304">design ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3436">ding ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3470">disc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3752">du ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3834">E ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3865">ec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3896">ed ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3923">edu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4148">er ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4150">era ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4171">es ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4199">et ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4279">exec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4286">execution ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4497">fi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4520">file ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4700">fo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4727">for ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4989">ga ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5057">ge ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5134">gh ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5171">gl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5205">gn ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5291">gr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5403">gu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5434">h ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5518">hard-wired ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5540">hat ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5638">high-level language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5664">hit ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5675">hm ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5722">hose ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5768">hr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5919">icon ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5931">id ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5956">ie ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6013">il ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6064">in ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6190">instruction set ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6194">int ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6216">Intel 486 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6221">Intel 80186 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6413">io ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6449">ir ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6481">IS ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6482">is ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6558">it ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6918">la ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6950">language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7014">lc ] [ 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ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8129">Motorola ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8167">mp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8384">N ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8386">na ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8460">nc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8472">ne ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8627">ng ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8675">no ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8728">NOT ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8760">ns ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8820">O ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8964">om ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9014">op ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9160">OT ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9185">overhead ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9204">pa ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9457">pe ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9478">Pentium ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9494">perf ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9550">ph ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9651">pl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9821">port ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9908">pr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9994">procedure ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9995">process ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10001">processor ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10253">query ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10364">rc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10385">re ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10440">Red ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10452">Reduced Instruction Set Computer ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10743">RISC ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10754">rl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10767">ro ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10887">ru ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10918">S ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11009">SC ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11010">sc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11150">se ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11213">semantic gap ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11259">serve ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11281">set ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11376">si ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11389">sig ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11405">silicon ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11651">so ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11934">st ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12109">struct ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12133">su ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12206">support ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12359">T ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12588">th ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12721">to ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12787">tr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12986">ua ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13008">ug ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13030">um ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13146">up ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13175">us ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13310">ve ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13366">vi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13725">win ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13782">wired ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14102">zero ]