functional programming
(FP) A program in a functional language consists of a set of (possibly ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=recursive">recursive) ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=function">function definitions and an expression whose value is output as the program' s result. Functional languages are one kind of ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=declarative language">declarative language. They are mostly based on the ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=typed lambda-calculus">typed lambda-calculus with constants. There are no ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=side-effects">side-effects to expression evaluation so an expression, e.g. a function applied to certain arguments, will always evaluate to the same value (if its evaluation terminates). Furthermore, an expression can always be replaced by its value without changing the overall result (ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=referential transparency">referential transparency). The order of evaluation of subexpressions is determined by the language' s ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=evaluation strategy">evaluation strategy. In a ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=strict">strict (ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=call-by-value">call-by-value) language this will specify that arguments are evaluated before applying a function whereas in a non-strict (ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=call-by-name">call-by-name) language arguments are passed unevaluated. Programs written in a functional language are generally compact and elegant, but have tended, until recently, to run slowly and require a lot of memory. Examples of purely functional languages are ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Clean">Clean, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=FP">FP, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Haskell">Haskell, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Hope">Hope, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Joy">Joy, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=LML">LML, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Miranda">Miranda, and ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=SML">SML. Many other languages such as ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Lisp">Lisp have a subset which is purely functional but also contain non-functional constructs. See also ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=reduction">reduction. {Lecture notes (ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.ps)}. or the same {in dvi-format (ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.dvi)}. {FAQ (http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/gmh/faq.html)}. {SEL-HPC Article Archive (http://www.lpac.ac.uk/SEL-HPC/Articles/)}. (2003-03-25) In addition suitable contents:
[ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=31">2 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=134">= ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=383">af ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=396">ag ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=411">ai ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=433">al ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=544">am ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=592">an ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=683">app ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=738">aq ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=740">ar ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=743">arc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=759">arg ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=760">argument ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=800">as ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=894">at ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=996">av ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1023">az ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1026">b ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1034">ba ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1120">base ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1177">bd ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1181">be ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1606">bs ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1695">by ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1708">C ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1724">ca ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1765">call-by-name ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1768">call-by-value ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2001">ch ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2099">ci ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2138">cl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2158">Clean ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2247">co ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2330">com ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2410">compact ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2545">con ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2606">cons ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2900">cu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2941">cy ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2976">D ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3151">de ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3177">dec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3193">declarative language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3752">du ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3834">E ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3865">ec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3896">ed ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3923">edu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3929">ee ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3946">eg ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4007">elegant ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4148">er ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4150">era ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4171">es ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4199">et ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4246">evaluation ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4247">evaluation strategy ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4317">expression ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4396">FAQ ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4497">fi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4520">file ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4700">fo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4727">for ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4814">FP ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4939">Fun ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4940">function ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4941">functional ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4945">functional language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4989">ga ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5057">ge ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5070">gen ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5141">gi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5200">gm ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5291">gr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5403">gu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5430">gy ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5434">h ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5493">hang ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5540">hat ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5710">Hope ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5722">hose ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5747">HP ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5768">hr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5779">ht ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5931">id ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5956">ie ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6013">il ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6064">in ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6413">io ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6449">ir ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6482">is ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6558">it ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6589">J ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6717">Joy ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6789">ke ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6822">ki ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6918">la ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6939">lambda-calculus ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6950">language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7004">lazy evaluation ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7014">lc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7091">Lex ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7107">li ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7203">Lisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7254">LML ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7399">ls ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7410">lt ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7415">lu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7441">ly ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7457">M ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7463">ma ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7678">mc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7749">memory ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7833">mh ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7979">Miranda ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8007">ML ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8008">ml ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8019">mm ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8032">mo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8040">mod ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8079">module ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8167">mp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8228">ms ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8386">na ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8460">nc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8472">ne ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8627">ng ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8630">ni ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8675">no ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8760">ns ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8964">om ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9014">op ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9176">output ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9204">pa ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9390">PC ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9457">pe ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9550">ph ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9651">pl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9738">ply ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9821">port ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9908">pr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10023">program ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10042">programming ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10181">purely functional language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10198">Q ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10253">query ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10364">rc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10385">re ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10433">recursive ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10453">reduction ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10470">referential transparency ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10767">ro ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10887">ru ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10892">run ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10918">S ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10922">sa ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10959">sam ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11149">SE ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11150">se ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11204">SEL ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11281">set ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11376">si ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11382">side-effect ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11510">sk ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11525">sl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11594">SML ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11651">so ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11790">spec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11934">st ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12090">strict ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12109">struct ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12133">su ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12359">T ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12588">th ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12708">tm ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12721">to ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12777">tp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12787">tr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12896">tt ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12970">type ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12975">typed lambda-calculus ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12986">ua ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13018">uk ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13030">um ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13175">us ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13252">va ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13260">value ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13310">ve ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13366">vi ]
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