Lisp
LISt Processing language. (Or mythically "Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses"). ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence' s mother tongue, a symbolic, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=functional">functional, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=recursive">recursive language based on the ideas of ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=lambda-calculus">lambda-calculus, variable-length lists and trees as fundamental data types and the interpretation of code as data and vice-versa. Data objects in Lisp are lists and ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=atom">atoms. Lists may contain lists and atoms. Atoms are either numbers or symbols. Programs in Lisp are themselves lists of symbols which can be treated as data. Most implementations of Lisp allow functions with ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=side-effect">side-effects but there is a core of Lisp which is ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=purely functional">purely functional. All Lisp functions and programs are expressions that return values this, together with the high memory use of Lisp, gave rise to ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis' s famous quip (itself a take on an Oscar Wilde quote) that "Lisp programmers know the value of everything and the cost of nothing". The original version was ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=LISP 1">LISP 1, invented by ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=John McCarthy">John McCarthy at ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=MIT">MIT in the late 1950s. Lisp is actually older than any other ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=high level language">high level language still in use except ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Fortran">Fortran. Accordingly, it has undergone considerable change over the years. Modern variants are quite different in detail. The dominant ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=HLL">HLL among hackers until the early 1980s, Lisp now shares the throne with ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=C">C. See ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=languages of choice">languages of choice. One significant application for Lisp has been as a proof by example that most newer languages, such as ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=COBOL">COBOL and ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Ada">Ada, are full of unnecessary ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=crock">crocks. When the ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Right Thing">Right Thing has already been done once, there is no justification for ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=bogosity">bogosity in newer languages. See also ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Association of Lisp Users">Association of Lisp Users, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Common Lisp">Common Lisp, {Franz Lisp}, {MacLisp}, {Portable Standard Lisp}, {Interlisp}, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Scheme">Scheme, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=ELisp">ELisp, ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Kamin' s interpreters">Kamin' s interpreters. [ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&file=search&eid=1&query=Jargon File">Jargon File] (1995-04-16) In addition suitable contents:
[ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=134">= ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=135">@ ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=262">ad ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=396">ag ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=411">ai ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=433">al ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=544">am ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=592">an ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=683">app ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=700">application ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=740">ar ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=743">arc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=759">arg ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=800">as ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=872">Association of Lisp Users ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=894">at ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=996">av ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1025">B ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1026">b ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1034">ba ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1120">base ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1177">bd ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1181">be ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1368">bj ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1444">bo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1461">bogosity ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1695">by ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1708">C ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1724">ca ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1863">cat ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=1896">cc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2001">ch ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2099">ci ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2136">ck ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2247">co ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2257">COBOL ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2273">code ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2387">Common Lisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2545">con ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2606">cons ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2725">core ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2791">cr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2826">crock ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2900">cu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=2976">D ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3006">data ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3091">data type ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3151">de ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3371">diff ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3436">ding ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3565">do ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3752">du ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3834">E ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3865">ec ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3896">ed ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3923">edu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=3929">ee ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4148">er ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4150">era ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4171">es ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4199">et ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4317">expression ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4497">fi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4520">file ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4700">fo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4727">for ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4764">Fortran ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4853">Franz Lisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4940">function ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4941">functional ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=4989">ga ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5057">ge ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5070">gen ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5134">gh ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5141">gi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5171">gl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5205">gn ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5291">gr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5398">gt ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5403">gu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5434">h ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5438">hack ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5443">hacker ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5493">hang ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5540">hat ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5656">hing ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5672">HLL ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5681">hn ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5768">hr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5779">ht ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5931">id ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=5986">iff ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6013">il ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6064">in ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6194">int ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6289">Interlisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6382">interpreter ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6413">io ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6481">IS ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6482">is ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6547">ISP ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6557">IT ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6558">it ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6589">J ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6620">Jargon File ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6677">jm ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6693">John McCarthy ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6760">K ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6771">Kamin' s interpreters ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6789">ke ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6861">kn ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6918">la ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6939">lambda-calculus ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6950">language ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=6959">languages of choice ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7014">lc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7023">ld ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7091">Lex ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7107">li ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7200">LIS ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7205">LISP 1 ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7220">list ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7225">lists ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7245">LL ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7395">lr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7399">ls ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7415">lu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7437">lv ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7441">ly ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7457">M ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7463">ma ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7465">Mac ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7498">MacLisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7678">mc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7749">memory ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=7992">MIT ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8019">mm ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8032">mo ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8040">mod ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8045">Mode ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8079">module ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8124">mother ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8167">mp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8228">ms ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8378">my ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8386">na ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8460">nc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8472">ne ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8622">nf ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8627">ng ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8630">ni ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8672">nn ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8675">no ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8760">ns ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8787">nu ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8799">numbers ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8819">nz ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8820">O ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8838">object ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=8964">om ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9457">pe ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9494">perf ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9550">ph ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9651">pl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9836">Portable Standard Lisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=9908">pr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10023">program ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10036">programmer ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10079">proof ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10144">pt ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10253">query ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10364">rc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10385">re ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10433">recursive ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10589">rete ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10735">Right Thing ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10754">rl ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10767">ro ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10918">S ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=10922">sa ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11010">sc ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11047">Scheme ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11150">se ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11314">sh ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11324">shar ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11376">si ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11382">side-effect ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11389">sig ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11506">sit ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11651">so ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11754">SP ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11934">st ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=11968">Standard Lisp ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12133">su ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12246">sy ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12359">T ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12369">table ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12588">th ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12721">to ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12787">tr ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12844">tree ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12970">type ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=12986">ua ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13030">um ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13146">up ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13175">us ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13252">va ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13260">value ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13274">var ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13275">variable ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13310">ve ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13335">version ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=13366">vi ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14042">ye ] [ ref="module.php?name=Lexikon&op=content&tid=14075">yt ]
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